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Rabu, 28 Maret 2018

Opinions on Obsessiveâ€
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The obsessive-compulsive spectrum is a model of medical classification where various psychiatric, neurological and/or medical conditions are described as existing on a spectrum of conditions related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). "The disorders are thought to lie on a spectrum from impulsive to compulsive where impulsivity is said to persist due to deficits in the ability to inhibit repetitive behavior with known negative consequences, while compulsivity persists as a consequence of deficits in recognizing completion of tasks." OCD is a mental disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions. An obsession is defined as "a recurring thought, image, or urge that the individual cannot control". Compulsion can be described as a "ritualistic behavior that the person feels compelled to perform". The model suggests that many conditions overlap with OCD in symptomatic profile, demographics, family history, neurobiology, comorbidity, clinical course and response to various pharmacotherapies. Conditions described as being on the spectrum are sometimes referred to as obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders.


Video Obsessive-compulsive spectrum



Conditions

The following conditions have been hypothesized by various researchers as existing on the spectrum.

However, recently there is a growing support for proposals to narrow down this spectrum to only include body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, tic disorders, and trichotillomania.


Maps Obsessive-compulsive spectrum



Body dysmorphic disorder

Body dysmorphic disorder is defined by an obsession with an imagined defect in physical appearance, and compulsive rituals in an attempt to conceal the perceived defect. Typical complaints include perceived facial flaws, perceived deformities of body parts and body size abnormalities. Some compulsive behaviors observed include mirror checking, ritualized application of makeup to hide the perceived flaw, excessive hair combing or cutting, excessive physician visits and plastic surgery. Body dysmorphic disorder is not gender specific and onset usually occurs in teens and young adults.


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Hypochondriasis

Hypochondriasis is excessive preoccupancy or worry about having a serious illness. These thoughts cause a person a great deal of anxiety and stress. The prevalence of this disorder is the same for men and women. Hypochondriasis is normally recognized in early adult age. Those that suffer with hypochondriasis are constantly thinking of their body functions, minor bumps and bruises as well as body images. Hypochondriacs go to numerous outpatient facilities for confirmation of their own diagnosis. Hypochondriasis is the belief that something is wrong but it is not known to be a delusion.


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Tic disorders

Tourette's syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent involuntary movements (motor tics) and involuntary noises (vocal tics). The reason Tourette's syndrome and other tic disorders are being considered for placement in the obsessive compulsive spectrum is because of the phenomenology and co-morbidity of the disorders with obsessive compulsive disorder. Within the population of patients with OCD up to 40% have a history of a tic disorder and 60% of people with Tourette's syndrome have obsessions and/or compulsions. Plus 30% of people with Tourette's syndrome have full-scale OCD. Course of illness is another factor that suggests correlation because it has been found that tics displayed in childhood are a predictor of obsessive and compulsive symptoms in late adolescence and early adulthood. However, the association of Tourette's and tic disorders with OCD is challenged by neuropsychology and pharmaceutical treatment. Whereas OCD is treated with SSRI's, tics are treated with dopamine blockers and alpha-2 agonists.


Case compulsive disorder obsessive study & Essential Strategies ...
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Trichotillomania

Trichotillomania is an impulse control disorder which causes an individual to pull out their hair from various parts of their body without a purpose. The cause for trichotillomania remains unknown. Like OCD, trichotillomania isn't a nervous condition but stress can trigger this habit. For some people pulling their hair out of boredom is normal, but that isn't the case for someone that is dealing with trichotillomania. Emotions do not affect the behavior but these behaviors are more prevalent in those that suffer with depression.


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References


Case compulsive disorder obsessive study & Essential Strategies ...
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Sources

  • Yaryura-Tobias JA, Stevens KP, Pérez-Rivera R, Boullosa OE, Neziroglu F (October 2000). "Negative outcome after neurosurgery for refractory obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder". The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 1 (4): 197-203. doi:10.3109/15622970009150592. PMID 12607216. 
  • Curran S, Matthews K (April 2001). "Response to Yaryura-Tobias et al (2000) negative outcome after neurosurgery for refractory obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder, World J Biol Psychiatry 1: 197-203". The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2 (2): 107. doi:10.3109/15622970109027502. PMID 12587194. 
  • Yaryura-Tobias JA (October 2001). "Response to Dr. S. Curran and Dr. K. Matthew's Letter to the editor (World J Biol Psychiatry 2001, 2: 107) concerning Yaryura-Tobias et al (2000) negative outcome after neurosurgery for refractory obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder, World J Biol Psychiatry 1: 197-203". The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2 (4): 199. doi:10.3109/15622970109026811. PMID 12587151. 
  • Hollander, E., & Benzaquen, S. D. (1997). "The obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders". International Review of Psychiatry. 9 (1,): 99-110. doi:10.1080/09540269775628. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Ravindran, A.V.; da Silva, T. L., Ravindran, L. N., Richter, M. A., & Rector, N. A. (2009). "Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Evidence-Based Treatments". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 54 (5:): 331-343. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  • brakoulias, V; Starcevic, V., Sammut, P., Berle, D., Milicevic, D., Moses, K.; et al. "Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders: a comorbidity and family history perspective". Australian Psychiatry. 19 (2): 151-155. doi:10.3109/10398562.2010.526718. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Lochner, C., & Stein, D. J. (2010). "Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Other Anxiety Disorders". Psychopathology. 43 (6): 389-396. doi:10.1159/000321070. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  • "What Is Hair Pulling? About Hair Pulling & Skin Picking". Trichotillomania Learning Center. April 17, 2013. 

Source of article : Wikipedia